A preliminary appraisal is made of the potential hydraulic forces, particularly pore pressure forces, that may be applied to the toe zones of large exposed breakwaters. In particular the stability of the perched toe zone of the Port Sines breakwater is considered. It is recommended that much more research be applied to such breakwaters, whose main armor does not extend fully down to the sea-bed.
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Smith et al. (1983) studied this question.
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