Cardioprotective Effect of Linalool against Isoproterenol-Induced Myocardial Infarction

Figures

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  Figure 1. Isolation of linalool from lavender volatile oil. (a) GC-MS chromatogram of lavender (L. angustifolia) volatile oil and isolated linalool. (b) Mass spectrogram of the isolated linalool. (c) Chemical structure of linalool. Numbers on (a) are related to compounds in Table 2.

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  Figure 2. Effect of pretreatment with linalool (50 and 100 mg/kg) for 30 days in ISO-induced myocardial infarcted animal actions on (a) heart to body ratio, (b) infarction size percentage, and (c) illustrative images of heart slices from different experimental groups stained with triphenyl tetrazolium chloride (TTC). All values were stated as mean ± SD (n = 6). The probability value is p < 0.05, where # indicates statistical significance from the normal control group, ҂ indicates statistical significance from the isoproterenol (ISO)-induced myocardial infarction (MI group), using one-way ANOVA, followed by Tukey’s test as a post-hoc analysis.

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  Figure 3. Effect of pretreatment with linalool (50 and 100 mg/kg) for 30 days in ISO-induced myocardial infarcted animal actions on (a) systolic arterial pressure (SAP), (b) diastolic arterial pressure (DAP), (c) mean arterial pressure (MAP), and (d) heart rate (HR). (e) Demonstrative pictures of blood pressure from different experimental groups. All values were stated as mean ± SD (n = 6). The probability value is p < 0.05, where # indicates a statistical significance from the normal control group, ҂ indicates a statistical significance from the ISO-induced MI group, and * indicates a statistical significance from the linalool (50 mg/kg) group using one-way ANOVA, followed by Tukey’s test as a post-hoc analysis.

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  Figure 4. Effect of pretreatment with linalool (50 and 100 mg/kg) for 30 days in ISO-induced myocardial infarcted animal actions on (a) ST elevation, (b) electrocardiogram (ECG) constituents, including P wave, QRS complex, QT interval, and P-R and R-R intervals. (c,d) ECG demonstrative images. All values were stated as mean ± SD (n = 6). The probability value is p < 0.05, where # indicates statistical significance from the normal control group, ҂ indicates statistical significance from the ISO-induced MI group, and * indicates statistical significance from the linalool (50 mg/kg) group, using one-way ANOVA, followed by Tukey’s test as a post-hoc analysis.

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  Figure 5. Effect of pretreatment with linalool (50 and 100 mg/kg) for 30 days in ISO-induced myocardial infarcted animal actions on (a) cardiac troponin T (cTnT), (b) cardiac tropinine I (cTnI), (c) creatine phosphokinase (CPK), and (d) creatine kinase-myocardial bound (CK-MB). All values were stated as mean ± SD (n = 6). The probability value is p < 0.05, where # indicates statistical significance from the normal control group, ҂ indicates statistical significance from the ISO-induced MI group, and * indicates statistical significance from the linalool (50 mg/kg) group, using one-way ANOVA, followed by Tukey’s test as a post-hoc analysis.

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  Figure 6. Effect of pretreatment with linalool (50 and 100 mg/kg) for 30 days in ISO-induced myocardial infarcted animal actions on mRNA expression of Nrf2 (a) HO-1 (b), and Keap1 (c), and protein expression of nuclear Nrf2 (d), cytosolic Nrf2 (e), HO-1 (f), and Keap-1 (g). The western blot images for all the mentioned parameters are shown in (h). Lower section: Photos of protein-gel electrophoresis. All values were stated as mean ± SD. The probability value is p < 0.05, where # indicates statistical significance from the normal control group, ҂ indicates statistical significance from the ISO-induced MI group, and * indicates statistical significance from the linalool (50 mg/kg) group, using one-way ANOVA, followed by Tukey’s test as a post-hoc analysis.

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  Figure 7. Effect of pretreatment with linalool (50 and 100 mg/kg) for 30 days in ISO-induced myocardial infarcted animal actions on (a) glutathione reductase (GR), (b) glutathione peroxidase (GPx), (c) superoxide dismutase (SOD), and (d) catalase (CAT). All values were stated as mean ± SD. The probability value is p < 0.05, where # indicates statistical significance from the normal control group, ҂ indicates statistical significance from the ISO-induced MI group, and * indicates statistical significance from the linalool (50 mg/kg) group, using one-way ANOVA, followed by Tukey’s test as a post-hoc analysis.

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  Figure 8. Effect of pretreatment with linalool (50 and 100 mg/kg) for 30 days in ISO-induced myocardial infarcted animal actions on (a) tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), (b) nuclear factor-κ-B (NF-κB), (c) interleukin 1 beta (IL-1β), and (d) interleukin 6 (IL-6). All values were stated as mean ± SD. The probability value is p < 0.05, where # indicates statistical significance from the normal control group, ҂ indicates statistical significance from the ISO-induced MI group, and * indicates statistical significance from the linalool (50 mg/kg) group, using one-way ANOVA, followed by Tukey’s test as a post-hoc analysis.

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  Figure 9. Effect of pretreatment with linalool (50 and 100 mg/kg) for 30 days in ISO-induced myocardial infarcted animal actions on (a) Caspase-3, (b): Caspase-9, (c) Bcl2, and (d) Bax. All values were stated as mean ± SD. The probability value is p < 0.05, where # indicates statistical significance from the normal control group, ҂ indicates statistical significance from the ISO-induced MI group, and * indicates statistical significance from the linalool (50 mg/kg) group, using one-way ANOVA, followed by Tukey’s test as a post-hoc analysis.