Wireless, implanted devices for biotelemetry, telemedicine, and neural interfacing are an emerging technology with powerful capabilities for medicine and clinical research, but are being held back by unreliable communication with external equipment. This study uses full-wave-problem formulations to study the mechanisms of electromagnetic propagation through tissue, and to derive optimal radiation conditions. Surprisingly, 80--99% of radiation efficiency is lost due to tissue-air impedance mismatch, not due to tissue absorption, as is commonly believed. Efficiency could be improved by an order of magnitude, compared to existing systems.
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Nikolayev et al. (2018) studied this question.
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