A modular ligand made of poly(ethylene glycol) appended with a thioctic acid anchoring group at one end and a maleimide at the other is synthesized and used to prepare maleimide-functionalized gold nanoparticles (AuNPs). This design allows effective conjugation of AuNPs to peptide-dye via maleimide–thiol coupling. By tuning the fraction of maleimides per NP the number of surface ligands per AuNP can be estimated.
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Oh et al. (2010) studied this question.
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