Glioblastoma diagnostics and prognostic biomarkers: Current status in medicine and exosome derivation

Glioblastoma multiforme is the most fatal form of brain tumor, distinguished as an aggressive growth, and assists annexing by cell relocation and mortification of extracellular matrix with average survival rate of approximately 6–14 months. Most patients suffer from recurrence due to molecular heterogeneity of glioblastoma and deregulation of many signaling pathways involved in proliferation, survival, and apoptosis . A number of potential diagnostic, prognostic, and predictive biomarkers have been explored, i.e., ATRX, glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), Ki67, p53, and isocitrate dehydrogenase markers, which helps in the diagnosis of patients with glioblastoma. The contemporary treatment of glioblastoma involves surgery succeeded by radiotherapy , chemotherapy, and adjuvant therapies ; however, current therapies display limited clinical success. Furthermore, in future, exosomes will play exponentially multiple roles in the intercellular communication in both normal and disease conditions. Several features of exosomes present them as pioneering indicators to recognize cancer biomarkers for early diagnosis of the diseases and uses as therapeutics.