Drastically increased OLED device luminance (up to 15 000 cd/m2) and enhanced quantum efficiency (6×) are achieved by spin-coating a siloxane-derivatized hole injector (TPD-Si2) onto an ITO surface. The silyl groups promote ITO–TPD interfacial cohesion, thus enabling more efficient hole injection. The Figure shows a polarized optical image of the TPD film morphology after annealing the bilayer structure (see also inside front cover).
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Cui et al. (2002) studied this question.