A multi-source monitoring framework for mining-induced geohazards integrating time-series InSAR and microseismic observations

Mining-induced geohazards arise from complex interactions between subsurface stress redistribution and surface deformation, yet integrated frameworks capable of quantifying their spatiotemporal relationships remain limited. This study develops a multi-source monitoring framework that combines Sentinel-1 time-series InSAR observations with continuous underground microseismic monitoring to investigate the relationship between induced seismicity and surface subsidence at the Haishiwan Coal Mine, China, in 2021. SBAS-InSAR analysis of 28 ascending and 28 descending Sentinel-1 scenes reveals a maximum cumulative vertical subsidence of 414.52 mm, while 33,479 microseismic events (M −1.4 to M 2.2) were recorded during the same period. Seismicity rates during active mining were approximately 3.4–3.7 times higher than background levels and increased systematically with the number of active working faces. Spatial statistical analysis shows that 70.9% of seismic-frequency hotspots spatially coincide with subsidence hotspots, indicating strong spatial coupling between mining-induced deformation and seismic activity. By contrast, larger events cluster near panel boundaries and fault-proximal areas, revealing spatial decoupling between deformation intensity and seismic hazard. These findings demonstrate that surface subsidence alone is insufficient for identifying seismic hazard potential and highlight the importance of integrating complementary sensing modalities. The proposed InSAR-microseismic framework provides a transferable basis for quantitative hazard assessment in underground mining environments.