Boosting activity toward oxygen reduction reaction of a mesoporous FeCuNC catalyst via heteroatom doping-induced electronic state modulation

Mesoporous Fe and Cu anchored in N-, S-, and P-doped carbon (FeCu x NC) catalysts, revealing the presence of ordered mesoporous grain-shaped particles and demonstrating that the electronic state of the active sites (Fe–N x ) is controlled by their environments, which can affect ORR kinetics.