Control of Differentiation, Transformation, and Apoptosis in Granulosa Cells by Oncogenes, Oncoviruses, and Tumor Suppressor Genes*

I. Introduction II. Protooncogene Expression and Follicular Cell Development A. Expression of myc, jun, and fos in granulosa cells B. Expression of c-kit protooncogene and its ligand steel/kit in the ovary III. Tumor Suppressor Genes, Death Genes, and Survival Genes in Granulosa Cells A. Expression of Fas antigen and its ligand in the ovary B. Modulation of gene expression IV. Immortalization of Primary Granulosa Cells by Oncogenes and Oncoviruses A. Establishment of immortalized granulosa cells expressing gonadotropin receptors V. Mechanism of Induction of Differentiation in Oncogene-Transformed Cells A. Expression of adrenal 4-binding protein/steroidogenic factor-1 B. Expression of steroidogenic acute regulatory protein C. Expression of sterol carrier protein 2 and the peripheral benzodiazepine receptor D. Induction of steroidogenesis in immortalized granulosa cells E. Expression of inhibin, activin, and follistatin F. Involvement of the cytoskeleton in granulosa cell differentiation, transformation, an...