Kinematic and thermodynamic studies on water micro-droplets supercooled in a vacuum

This is the authors' abstract. We don't add key points for this paper.

, a fraction of frozen droplets as a function of time, is measured by capturing laser-scattering images to discriminate between frozen and unfrozen droplets. The experimental approaches to the evaporation rate and subsequent freezing time, along with thermodynamics simulations based on the Knudsen theory, allow us to determine homogeneous ice nucleation rates between 232 and 235 K.