Hydrogen Absorption and Diffusion in Bulk α-MoO₃

The absorption, diffusion, and desorption of atomic hydrogen in layered orthorhombic molybdenum trioxide (α-MoO 3 ) was investigated using density functional theory. Hydrogen atoms are absorbed in bulk α-MoO 3 to form the hydrogen molybdenum bronze H x MoO 3 ( x = 0.25, 0.5, 0.75, 1, 1.25, and 1.5). The semiconductor band gap of bulk α-MoO 3 shifts to metallic upon hydrogen bronze formation at the H atom loadings selected in the present study. The hydrogen atoms become protonic when coordinated to oxygen, which gives rise to a charge reduction on the Mo atoms adjacent to the absorption sites. Hydrogen migration along a prescribed diffusion pathway in the lattice was found to be facile due to small energy barriers for H atom transfer between O atoms, facilitated by a hydrogen bonding network. The sequential hydrogen desorption from the bronze and the mechanisms of hydrogen spillover in α-MoO 3 are also discussed.