Stalagmite evidence for the precise timing of North Atlantic cold events during the early last glacial

Evidence of millennial-scale cold events following the last interglacial well preserved in North Atlantic marine cores, Greenland, and pollen records from Europe. However, their timing was previously by radiometric dating. We report the fi rst precise ages for two such events, C23 (105.1 ± 0.9 ka to 102.6 ±0.8 ka) and C24 (112.0 ± 0.8 ka and 108.8 ± 1.0 ka), based on stable and oxygen isotope measurements on a stalagmite from Italy(CC28). In addition to providing new information on the duration of events in southern Europe, the age data provide invaluable tuning for the Mélisey I (C24) and Montaigu (C23) pollen zones ed in western Europe. The former event is of particular signifi - because it represents the end of the Eemian interglacial forest in western Europe. The new age data will also allow fi ne tuning the timing and duration of Greenland stadial 24 (equivalent to23) in the North Greenland Ice Core Project ice core and, via a common-age chronology, tuning of the Vostok and EPICA (European for Ice Coring in Antarctica) ice cores.