Anaesthesia after neoadjuvant chemotherapy, immunotherapy or radiotherapy

Neoadjuvant therapy consisting of either chemotherapy, radiotherapy or immunotherapy is associated with toxic effects on different organ systems. These toxic effects may interfere with perioperative care, but may also cause a deterioration in the patient's general condition to such an extent that the risk of perioperative complications increases. During preoperative assessment, a structured history, physical examination and additional examinations should be performed to detect toxic adverse effects from neoadjuvant therapy, and optimisation before surgery is essential. Multimodal prehabilitation before surgery seems to lower these risks.