Diagnostic and mitigating technologies and developments for spaceflight associated neuro-ocular syndrome

Spaceflight associated neuro-ocular syndrome (SANS) is a group of ocular symptoms that occur due to prolonged exposure to microgravity. Common manifestations of SANS include optic disc edema, globe flattening, choroidal folds, and cotton wool spots. The exact cause of SANS is not fully understood, but it is believed to result from cephalad fluid shift in the low-gravity environment. Diagnosing SANS is critical for preventing complications and monitoring symptom progression. Various imaging modalities such as optical coherence tomography (OCT), optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA), fundus photography, and orbital ultrasound are used to diagnose SANS. Additionally, emerging technologies like artificial intelligence (AI) models are being developed to enhance the diagnostic process. These imaging techniques have been shown to effectively identify the characteristic features of SANS. OCT and OCTA provide detailed images of the retina and optic nerve head, while fundus photography and orbital ultrasound offer complementary views of the eye’s internal structures. AI models are in development to further improve diagnostic accuracy and support clinical decision-making. As space travel becomes more frequent, developing strategies to mitigate SANS is essential. Current leading strategies to counteract the effects of microgravity and prevent SANS include low body negative pressure, pressure goggles, and vitamin B supplements. Continued research is necessary to understand the underlying mechanisms and to develop effective prevention and treatment protocols.