A review and update on the current status of stem cell therapy and the retina

INTRODUCTION OR BACKGROUND: Many diseases of the retina result in irreversible visual loss. Stem cell (SC) therapy is a rapidly developing field and represents a novel approach to replace non-functioning neuro-retinal cells. SOURCES OF DATA: A systematic computerized literature search was conducted on PubMed (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/). AREAS OF AGREEMENT: The use of stem cells (SCs) in animal models of retinal diseases has resulted in improvement in visual function and performance. SC therapy represents an exciting prospect in restoring vision. Areas of controversy The use of human embryonic SCs raises ethical concerns. GROWING POINTS: Human trials using SCs in retinal diseases have recently been approved. AREAS TIMELY FOR DEVELOPING RESEARCH: The success of SCs in retinal therapy depends not only on implanted cell survival, but also on how well SCs migrate, integrate and form synapses. Further research will be needed to overcome these hurdles.