Nanomaterials have been widely used to immobilize biomolecules, amplify the signals and concentrate the analytes for detection with good properties including large surface area, good adsorption capacity and high surface activity. In recent years, nanomaterials such as carbon nanomaterials, noble metal nanomaterials, polymers, are widely applied to research and develop immunosensors with high sensitivity and selectivity, which monitor the antigen-antibody reaction for the detection of tumor markers. This review provides an introduction of immunosensors and focuses on the design of electrochemical (EC) immunosensors, electrochemical luminscence (ECL) immunosensors and photoelectrochemical (PEC) immunosensors based on nanomaterials in nearly three years.
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Lai et al. (2018) studied this question.