Analysis of the Hessian for inverse scattering problems: II. Inverse medium scattering of acoustic waves

We address the inverse problem for scattering of acoustic waves due to an inhomogeneous medium. We derive and analyze the Hessian in both Hölder and Sobolev spaces. Using an integral equation approach based on Newton potential theory and compact embeddings in Hölder and Sobolev spaces, we show that the Hessian can be decomposed into two components, both of which are shown to be compact operators. Numerical examples are presented to validate our theoretical results. The implication of the compactness of the Hessian is that for small data noise and model error, the discrete Hessian can be approximated by a low-rank matrix. This in turn enables fast solution of an appropriately regularized inverse problem, as well as Gaussian-based quantification of uncertainty in the estimated inhomogeneity.