The design and performance of a small redox flow battery is described; it is based on a single undivided, parallel plate cell with carbon electrodes and an acidic lead methanesulfonate electrolyte. It is shown that the cell operates as a secondary battery at charge/discharge current densities of 10–60 mA cm−2. Typically, the voltage during discharge is ∼1.55 V, Coulombic efficiency >85% and the energy efficiency ∼65%.
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Pletcher et al. (2004) studied this question.
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