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The Craik–Leibovich (CL) equations for Langmuir circulations are shown to be an Eulerian approximation to an exact theory of the generalized Lagrangian mean (GLM) due to Andrews and McIntyre. Derivation of the CL equations using the GLM formalism is decisively simpler than the original method. The CL theory is then compared to other wave–current interaction theories of Langmuir circulations, notably those of Garrett and of Moen.
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S. Leibovich (1980) studied this question.
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