Goniothalamus macrophyllus: A Comprehensive Review of Its Phytochemistry, Pharmacological Activities, and Therapeutic Potential

Goniothalamus macrophyllus, a tropical species belonging to the Annonaceae family, has long been utilized in traditional Southeast Asian medicine for treating fevers, infections, and various other health conditions. This review provides a thorough examination of the plant’s ethnomedicinal significance, phytochemical constituents, and pharmacological potential. A systematic review of the literature was conducted to collect data on its bioactive components, such as styryl-lactones, flavonoids, alkaloids, and acetogenins. Among these, goniothalamin, a major styryl-lactone, has been notably investigated for its cytotoxic effects, primarily through mechanisms like cell cycle arrest and apoptosis induction. Pharmacological investigations have highlighted the plant’s notable anticancer, antimicrobial, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antiparasitic activities. In vitro experiments have shown that both extracts and isolated constituents possess potent cytotoxic effects against various cancer cell lines, including those of breast, cervical, and hepatic origin. Moreover, antimicrobial assays have confirmed efficacy against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacterial strains. Antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities further support its potential therapeutic versatility. However, its pharmacological promise is tempered by the scarcity of comprehensive toxicological studies and limited clinical data. Most findings are restricted to in vitro or preliminary in vivo models, and there is a lack of standardized protocols for extract formulation and compound isolation. In summary, G. macrophyllus represents a valuable natural resource for bioactive compounds with therapeutic potential, yet more extensive in vivo research and mechanistic studies are essential to substantiate its clinical applicability and safety.    Keywords: