The impact of pulmonary artery invasion on bronchial artery embolization in treating hemoptysis in lung cancer

Figures

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  Fig. 1. CT Image: Pulmonary Artery Invasion. This image of CT shows that the pulmonary artery (white arrow) penetrates though the tumor.

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  Fig. 2. CT Image: Non-Pulmonary Artery Invasion. This CT image shows that although the left lung tumor is large, no obvious pulmonary artery invasion is observed on the enhanced CT.

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  Fig. 3. Pre-embolization Bronchial Artery Angiogram. This angiogram shows that before embolization, the branches of the left bronchial artery were increased and tortuous(white arrow), with visible staining of the left lung tumor.

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  Fig. 4. Post-embolization Bronchial Artery Angiogram. This angiogram shows that after embolization, the main trunk of the left bronchial artery is preserved, with distal occlusion and disappearance of the distal tumor staining.

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  Fig. 5. Comparison of Hemoptysis-Free Survival Between PAI group and NPAI group. The box plot compares the hemoptysis-free survival time between pulmonary artery invasion group and non-pulmonary artery invasion. The figure shows that the median survival time of the group without pulmonary artery invasion is significantly higher than that of the group with pulmonary artery invasion, suggesting that pulmonary artery invasion may be associated with an increased risk of hemoptysis recurrence. The box represents the range from the 25th to the 75th percentile, the median is marked by a thick line, and the whiskers represent the minimum and maximum values within the normal range. The values of 23, 35, 37, and 41 marked in the figure are the outliers of the pulmonary artery invasion group, and the values of 27, 32, and 53 marked are the outliers of the non-pulmonary artery invasion group, representing that individual patients have an abnormally prolonged hemoptysis-free survival time.

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  Fig. 6. Kaplan–Meier curve showing HFS. The Kaplan-Meier survival analysis shows that the hemoptysis-free survival (HFS) of patients with pulmonary artery invasion is significantly shorter than that of patients without pulmonary artery invasion, suggesting that it is a poor prognostic factor.

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  Fig. 7. Kaplan–Meier curve showing OS. The Kaplan-Meier survival analysis shows that the overall survival (OS) of patients with pulmonary artery invasion is shorter than that of patients without pulmonary artery invasion.