Photon upconversion lithography is demonstrated for the patterning of proteins using near-infrared light. Proteins and an upconverting-nanoparticle-decorated substrate are linked via blue-light-cleavable Ru complexes. The substrate is irradiated using near-infrared light with a photomask. In the exposed areas, upconverting nanoparticles convert the near-infrared light into blue light, which induces cleavage of the Ru complexes and release of the proteins.
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Chen et al. (2015) studied this question.
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