Key result
Andexanet alfa reduces rivaroxaban anti-FXa activity by ~98%, maintaining efficacy despite progressive hemodilution.
Why the study?
Competitive binding of andexanet to factor Xa inhibitors may be disrupted by hemodilution from concomitant volume expanders used during life-threatening bleeding.
Does hemodilution with different volume expanders (balanced Ringer's solution, 4% gelatine, 5% human albumin, or 20% human albumin) impair the efficacy of andexanet alfa in reversing rivaroxaban-induced anticoagulation in ex vivo human blood samples?
Does hemodilution with different volume expanders (balanced Ringer's solution, 4% gelatine, 5% human albumin, or 20% human albumin) impair the efficacy of andexanet alfa in reversing rivaroxaban-induced anticoagulation in ex vivo human blood samples?
In an ex vivo human blood model, hemodilution with crystalloid or colloid volume expanders did not meaningfully impair the ability of andexanet alfa to reverse rivaroxaban anticoagulation, showing only an approximate 5% reduction in anti-FXa activity reversal at 50% dilution compared to undiluted blood.
Answers are grounded in this paper and cite their sources.
Ex vivo reversal remains largely preserved despite hemodilution; leaves open translation to bleeding patients on rivaroxaban.
Background: Andexanet alfa is a specific antidote for factor Xa (FXa) inhibitors. It is licensed to treat patients under FXa inhibitor therapy with life-threatening bleeding. Concomitantly, volume expanders are used to compensate for blood loss and maintain circulation. The competitive binding of andexanet to FXa inhibitors may be disrupted due to hemodilution, as shown by laboratory assays with high sample dilution. This study investigated the efficacy of andexanet for the reversal of FXa inhibitors under hemodilution. Methods: Blood from 10 healthy volunteers was anticoagulated with rivaroxaban and subsequently treated with four different volume expanders (Ringer’s solution, 4% gelatine, 5% and 20% human albumin (HA)) at two dilution levels (20% and 50%). After anticoagulation and hemodilution, andexanet was added according to the high-dose protocol. Blood samples were analyzed using a Russell’s viper venom (RVV) test on a Clot Pro® device, a thrombin generation assay, a fully automated coagulation analyzer and a chromogenic anti-FXa activity assay. Results: After anticoagulation, the median rivaroxaban concentration was 272 ng/mL (IQR 254–353). Anticoagulation with rivaroxaban caused a significant impairment of all coagulation parameters, which was further aggravated by hemodilution. After the administration of andexanet, coagulation parameters in anticoagulated samples were reversed to near baseline in all groups. Andexanet administration decreased the rivaroxaban plasma concentration in all groups to a median of <10 ng/mL. In the anticoagulated, non-hemodiluted samples, anti-FXa activity was reduced by 98%. The anti-FXa activity in the anticoagulated, hemodiluted samples was reduced by approximately 96% in the 20% diluted samples and by about 93% in the 50% diluted samples. Conclusions: Our data indicate that FXa inhibitor reversal with andexanet is about 5% less effective with 50% hemodilution than in non-hemodiluted samples.
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Wienhold et al. (2024) studied Rivaroxaban anticoagulation and hemodilution (ex vivo) (n=10). Andexanet alfa vs. Non-hemodiluted rivaroxaban-anticoagulated blood samples vs. 20% and 50% hemodilution with Ringer's solution, 4% gelatine, 5% human albumin, or 20% human albumin was evaluated on Reduction in anti-FXa activity (rivaroxaban reversal). Andexanet alfa reduced anti-FXa activity by 98% in undiluted rivaroxaban-spiked blood compared to 96% at 20% hemodilution and 93% at 50% hemodilution across different volume expanders.
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