The use of manipulative aids is a common teaching practice for learning disabled students with deficits in mathematics. Dunlap and Brennan support this practice but caution that the selection and application of a manipulative aid should not be a haphazard process. This article specifies a set of guidelines for using manipulative aids in teaching students who are experiencing difficulty in mastering mathematical concepts.
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Dunlap et al. (1979) studied this question.
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