Piezoelectric and pyroelectric polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) films and coatings are currently being produced on a commercial basis in the United States, Europe, and Japan. PVDF is the resin of choice due to its high polarizability and ease of pro cessing. The resultant electro-activity depends on the orientation of the crystalline and amorphous regions of the polymer film, the amount of crystallinity, and the extent of dipole orientation.
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Philip E. Bloomfield (1988) studied this question.
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