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Smart cyber-physical systems (CPSs) include Internet of things (IoT), smart grids, smart cities, smart transportation, and smart "Anything" (e.g., homes and hospitals). ese systems require different levels of security and protection based the sensitivity of their data. Nonetheless, we are living in a world where cyber attacks, privacy violations, phishing scams, and data breaches have become commonplace. Smart CPSs are also subject to security violations and privacy breaches, which stem from the vulnerabilities of existing computers and communications technologies. In addition, as smart CPSs get more complex, more vulnerabilities will emerge. Hackers will be able to launch increasingly sophisticated attacks in the future due to the ever-shi ing cyber physical landscape. Hence, innovative research is needed for security assurance and privacy preservation in smart CPSs for new architectural models, system designs, and cryptographical protocols.
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Ma et al. (2019) studied this question.
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