LAWRENCE R. JACOBS and STEVEN S. SMITH are, respectively, associate professor and professor of political science at the University of Minnesota. ERIC D. LAWRENCE is a graduate student at the University of Minnesota. ROBERT Y. SHAPIRO is professor of political science at Columbia University. LAWRENCE R. JACOBS and STEVEN S. SMITH are, respectively, associate professor and professor of political science at the University of Minnesota.
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Jacobs et al. (1998) studied this question.