Risk Aversion and Price Risk in Duality Models of Production: A Linear Mean‐Variance Approach

A duality model of production is developed that permits risk aversion and price uncertainty. The linear mean‐variance framework employed is tractable for empirical research, in contrast to duality models of risk based on a generalized expected utility function. The framework is more general than in standard price certainty models while retaining the simplicity needed for empirical research.