Nonwoven covers for agricultural applications: Materials engineering, functional performance, and sustainable transition

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Nonwoven materials have become indispensable in modern agriculture due to their structural versatility, cost-effectiveness, and multifunctional performance. This review provides a comprehensive analysis of nonwoven covers used in agricultural applications, including row covers, mulch fabrics, frost protection systems, and greenhouse shading materials. The relationship between fiber composition, manufacturing technology, and functional performance is critically examined, with emphasis on air and water permeability, thermal insulation, light transmission, and mechanical durability. Conventional petroleum-based nonwovens, predominantly polypropylene, continue to dominate the market; however, increasing environmental concerns related to plastic accumulation and microplastic formation have accelerated the development of biodegradable and bio-based alternatives such as polylactic acid, cellulose-based fibers, and natural fiber composites. The review further explores emerging innovations, including functional coatings, smart nonwovens with sensing capabilities, and AI-assisted structural optimization. Finally, current challenges and future directions are discussed within the framework of sustainable agriculture and circular economy principles. The integration of advanced material design with environmental responsibility positions nonwoven agricultural covers as a key enabling technology for next-generation farming systems.