Isolation of Rhizobium meliloti nod Gene Inducers from Alfalfa Rhizosphere Soil

Methanolic extracts of alfalfa rhizosphere soil induce more nod gene transcription in Rhizobium meliloti than extracts of nonrhizosphere soil. Six peaks of nod-inducing activity were separated by high-performance liquid chromatography from rhizosphere soil extract, and one compound was identified by H nuclear magnetic resonance, mass spectrometry, and UV-visible spectra as a formononetin-7-O-glycoside that activates both NodD1 and NodD2 proteins. The unanticipated presence of a glycoside in rhizosphere soil suggests either that large amounts of the glycoside were exuded by roots or that some glycosides are unexpectedly stable in soil.