Using Argo Data to Study Inter-Annual Variability in Heat Exchange of Nordic Seas With Atmosphere, North Atlantic, and Arctic Oceans, as Well as Intensity of Sea Ice Formation

The annual mean temperature, salinity, density, and velocity fields for the region of the Nordic Seas were calculated and studied using the Argo-based model for the period of 2005–2014. The heat transports through the Denmark and Fram Straits, and through the sections separating the Nordic Seas from the Atlantic Ocean and Barents Sea were studied on the climatological, annual, and seasonal time scales. The calculated transports are in good agreement with the previous estimations. The methodology of the mean ice formation rate estimation is discussed.