Recovery and chemical disinfection of foot-and-mouth disease and African swine fever viruses from porous concrete surfaces

Figures

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  Figure 1. Production of standardized concrete coupons by filling 1‐cm3 silicone ice cube moulds with ready‐mix concrete. Photo courtesy of Tod Barber, Reefball Inc., Nokomis, FL. [Colour figure can be viewed at wileyonlinelibrary.com]

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  Figure 2. Surface colour of dried concrete coupons before and after the addition of phenolphthalein indicator solution depicting high initial pH of un‐carbonated concrete. [Colour figure can be viewed at wileyonlinelibrary.com]

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  Figure 3. Colour of concrete coupons after application of pH‐indicator dye phenolphthalein showing effect of carbonation on surface pH. Column 1: initial appearance of un‐carbonated concrete coupons with no phenolphthalein dye. Column 2: un‐carbonated concrete coupons after phenolphthalein application all showing surface pH > 8·6. Column 3: Carbonated concrete coupons after phenolphthalein application with Concrete A showing no noticeable change in pH, and Concretes B and C showing lower pH (<8·5) after incubation with gaseous CO2 (5%) with humidity at 37ºC for 1 week. [Colour figure can be viewed at wileyonlinelibrary.com]

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  Figure 4. Colour of 1‐cm3 Concrete C coupon cross‐sections after application of pH‐indicator dye phenolphthalein showing effect of carbonation on internal matrix pH for (a) un‐carbonated Concrete C control coupon with magenta colour indicating pH> 8·6 throughout entire cement matrix and (b) Concrete C test coupon cross‐sectioned after 1‐week exposure to 5% CO2 showing no colour change and matrix pH < 9·0. [Colour figure can be viewed at wileyonlinelibrary.com]