The Validation of Three Scales Measuring Anxiety at Different Stages of the Foreign Language Learning Process: The Input Anxiety Scale, the Processing Anxiety Scale, and the Output Anxiety Scale

This study examined the psychometric properties of the Input Anxiety Scale, the Processing Anxiety Scale, and the Output Anxiety Scale, which measure anxiety at the input, processing, and output stages of the foreign language learning process. These scales were administered to 258 university students. Evidence of structural validity was provided via 3 separate exploratory factor analyses. Confirmatory factor analyses revealed that the 3 scales didnot represent either a single unidimensional construct underlying foreign language anxiety or P. D. MacIntyre and R. C. Gardner's (1994b) 3‐stage model of anxiety. However, when some items were removed, the scales confirmed the 3‐stage model, suggesting that modifications to the scales are needed.