Why the study?
Does head-out water immersion affect left ventricular volumes and ejection fraction in healthy volunteers?
Population
12 adult awake healthy volunteers
Comparison
Head-out water immersion in a semisitting… vs Pre-immersion baseline
Design
Cohort, open
Follow-up
acute (during and post-immersion)
Authors
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May warrant caution in heart failure patients with limited reserve; hypothesis-generating and requires confirmation in diseased hearts.
Does head-out water immersion affect left ventricular volumes and ejection fraction in healthy volunteers?
Head-out water immersion significantly increases left ventricular volumes and ejection fraction, suggesting a potential risk for patients with limited cardiac reserve such as those with heart failure.
Smith et al. (1998) studied this question.
Synapse has enriched 3 closely related papers on similar clinical questions. Consider them for comparative context: