Paired urine and serum samples from four conceptive and six nonconceptive ovarian cycles of seven adult Macaca mullatta were analyzed by radioimmunoassay (RIA) for circulating estradiol (E 2 ) and progesterone (Po), and urinary estrone conjugates (E 1 C) and immunoreactive preganediol‐3‐glucuronide (iPDG) using enzyme immunoassay (EIA). Nonconceptive cycles exhibited a fivefold increase in urinary E 1 C and serum E 2 levels from follicular phase levels to the preovulatory peak. Linear correlation between urinary E 1 C and serum E 2 nonconceptive cycle hormone levels was significant ( P <0.01, r = 0.69). Luteal phase levels of iPDG and serum Po levels were approximately parallel in nonconceptive cycles. Similarly, conceptive cycle urinary E 1 C levels and serum E 2 measurements had a correlation coefficient that was significant ( P <0.01, r = 0.45). Nonconceptive and conceptive cycle iPDG and Po levels were significantly correlated ( P = 0.05, r = 0.63, and P <0.01, r = 0.66, respectively). These data demonstrate that EIA measurements of ovarian hormones in daily urine samples can be used to accurately monitor ovarian function and early pregnancy in Macaca mulatta .
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Shideler et al. (1990) studied this question.