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The European Union Regulation on Illegal, Unreported, and Unregulated (IUU) Fishing, aimed at excluding illegally caught fish from its market, is a comprehensive instrument with strict control measures and the possibility of trade sanctions. It has been criticized as being ineffective due to regulatory shortcomings and a lack of enforcement. This article offers an alternative perspective, focusing on the dynamic relationship between soft and hard forms of enforcement. The regulation has produced important results in the fight against IUU fishing by promoting improved flag state performance.
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Elvestad et al. (2015) studied this question.
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