Dynamics of cardiovascular and baroreflex readjustments during a light-to-moderate exercise transient in humans

Figures

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  Fig. 1. The experimental protocol comprised two sessions: one for the analysis of the 0 to 50 W transient and one for the 50 to 100 W transient. Arrows indicate the time at which a 20 µl capillary blood sample was taken from an earlobe for measuring blood lactate concentration

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  Fig. 2. Time course of the cardiac output (CO), heart rate (HR), stroke volume (SV), systolic and mean arterial pressure (SAP and MAP, respectively), and total peripheral resistances (TPR) during the rest to 50 W (black line) and the 50 to 100 W (grey line) exercise transients. Mean values from all subjects. The time scale represents the time elapsed since the change of the workload

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  Fig. 3. a Contour plot of the relationship between R-to-R interval (RRi) and mean arterial pressure (MAP) during the rest-to-50 W exercise transient. A time shift of 0.1 s was applied between MAP and RRi. Mean values from all subjects from 10 s before (dashed line) to 60 s after (continuous line) exercise onset (black arrowhead). Black dot: rest steady state; black square: 50 W steady state. b Tukey representation of the baroreflex sensitivity measured during the indicated conditions. *: significantly different vs. rest steady state (***p < 0.001; ****p < 0.0001)

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  Fig. 4. a contour plot of the relationship between R-to-R interval (RRi) and mean arterial pressure (MAP) during the 50 to 100 W exercise transient. A time shift of 0.1 s was applied between MAP and RRi. Mean values from all subjects from 10 s before (dashed line) to 60 s after (continuous line) workload change (black arrowhead). Black square: 50 W steady state; black diamond: 100 W steady state. b Tukey representation of the baroreflex sensitivity measured during the indicated conditions. #: significantly different vs. 50 W steady state (###p < 0.001)