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The increasing use of broader-spectrum cephalosporins in the first half of the 1990s has become one of the major factors responsible for the high rate of selection of extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL)-producing microorganisms in Polish hospitals. Thirty-five isolates of seven different species of the family Enterobacteriaceae were identified as ESBL producers, over a 4 month period, in one of Warsaw's hospitals between the end of 1996 and the beginning of 1997. Sixteen per cent of all Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates, 16% of Citrobacter freundii isolates and 32% of Serratia marcescens isolates collected by the hospital microbiology laboratory at that time were expressing these enzymes. The majority of these (27 isolates) were found to express CTX-M-type ESBLs (pI 8.4). This outbreak was due to both plasmid dissemination among unrelated strains and clonal spread of some strains in several wards of the hospital. The remaining isolates produced ESBLs (pI 8.2) belonging to the SHV family of beta-lactamases and demonstrated a high degree of genetic diversity.
Pałucha et al. (1999) studied this question.