Flooding stress adaptations: Evolutionary mechanisms of mangrove tolerance

Floods are one of the leading risk factors responsible for a considerable decline in biomass production in various plants, including commercial crops. Such situations, including the rise in the seawater level and the increase in the salinity of fertile soils, are seriously increasing due to global climate change issues. However, a few plants, known as mangroves, adapt to such situations in their evolutionary consequences. Deeper insights into knowledge and understanding of the mechanisms of mangrove management with regular tidal water insurgence and resurgence, which are typical habitats for the habitat mangroves, can be potentially vital for the selection of species that are flood-tolerant As flooding stress can be a significant abiotic constraint that can impact the growth rate, species distribution and biomass productivity of mangroves, it can be a strong driver of adaptive evolution. Mangroves show various survival strategies to flooding stress, including morphological, physiological, biochemical, molecular and anatomical scale adaptations that sanction their survival. This review plans to describe a few of these mechanisms in flood-like situations in mangroves, which are a result of long-term adaptations and potential for future research directions on this topic has also been discussed. This is anticipated to provide deeper insights and comprehension into the fundamental strategies for creating novel flood-resistant crop varieties and devising innovative solutions to effectively handle flood situations in the future.