This paper presents a two-factor model to classify biological elements, affective and cognitive characteristics, and social determinants of successful adaptation to chronic pain. The two factors, vulnerability and resilience, identify variables that are further differentiated into stable and modifiable indicators that influence adaptation to chronic pain. Examples of stable and modifiable constructs are presented and used to examine different pathways to resilient responding. The paper concludes with implications of this Stable-Modifiable Model of Vulnerability and Resilience Processes for clinical intervention and suggestions for areas of future research.
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Yeung et al. (2012) studied this question.
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