Segregation of an acceptor (Zn) and a donor dopant (Nb) in nanocrystalline anatase was studied by EXAFS spectroscopy. Different dopant concentrations between 0.1 and 1 at. % were investigated, and similar results were found for nanocrystalline powders and nanocrystalline ceramics made by hot-pressing the powders. Niobium did not segregate whatever the concentration, whereas zinc segregation was found above 0.1 at. %. These results can be interpreted based on defect thermodynamics, in the framework of a space charge segregation model.
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Bouchet et al. (2003) studied this question.