Diverse peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors bind to the peroxisome proliferator-responsive elements of the rat hydratase/dehydrogenase and fatty acyl-CoA oxidase genes but differentially induce expression.

The ability of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) to induce expression of a reporter gene linked to a peroxisome proliferator-responsive element (PPRE) from either the rat enoyl-CoA hydratase/3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase gene or acyl-CoA oxidase [acyl-CoA:oxygen 2-oxidoreductase, EC 1.3.3.6] gene was examined by transient transfection assays in COS cells. Mouse and rat PPARs, as well as Xenopus PPAR alpha (xPPAR alpha) could induce expression of a reporter gene linked to the hydratase/dehydrogenase PPRE in the presence of the peroxisome proliferators ciprofibrate or Wy-14,643, whereas xPPAR beta and xPPAR gamma were ineffective. A similar induction of expression of a reporter gene linked to the acyl-CoA oxidase PPRE was observed with all PPARs except xPPAR beta. Extracts from cells transfected with PPAR-encoding genes contained factors that bound to both PPREs. In vitro synthesized PPARs could interact weakly with both PPREs; however, binding of each PPAR to both PPREs was significantly increased by the addition of COS cell nuclear extracts, demonstrating that efficient PPAR/DNA binding requires auxiliary cofactors. One cofactor was identified as the 9-cis-retinoic acid receptor, RXR alpha (retinoid X receptor alpha). Cooperative DNA binding and heteromerization between RXR alpha and each of the PPARs could be seen with both PPREs. Our results demonstrate that PPAR/PPRE binding and cooperativity with RXR alpha (and other cofactors) are obligatory but not necessarily sufficient for peroxisome proliferator-dependent transcription induction and that distinct PPREs can selectively mediate induction by particular PPARs.