Effective-charge data for heavy ions, as obtained from range-energy curves in oxygen, argon, aluminum, and nickel, are analyzed in terms of a Fermi-Thomas representation of the atom. It would appear that this gives a superior parametrization in terms of nuclear charge. In addition, it appears to properly account for the increase in charge observed for metallic as compared to gaseous absorbers.
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Roll et al. (1960) studied this question.
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