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Donor-pi-acceptor fluorene derivative 1c is a near-neutral pH indicator whose pKa of approximately 7.0 was determined by both absorption and fluorescence methods. 1c satisfies important criteria for a sensitive ratiomeric fluorescent pH indicator with a distinctive isoemissive point, good dispersion in cell cytosol, and low cytotoxicity. Furthermore, its 2PA cross section of 100 GM in its neutral form suggests its potential in two-photon fluorescence imaging applications.
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Yao et al. (2007) studied this question.
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