How Red Mud-Induced Enhancement of Iron Plaque Formation Reduces Cadmium Accumulation in Rice with Different Radial Oxygen Loss

In situ stabilization of cadmium (Cd) in soil by the addition of Fe-rich amendments (e.g., red mud or RM) has been suggested as an effective and low-cost method. A combined soil-sand pot experiment was conducted to investigate the influence of the addition of RM on iron plaque formation and Cd accumulation in rice plants. Two experiments were conducted: 1. A hydroponic trial with 20 cultivars for screening the rice cultivars with different radial oxygen loss (ROL). 2. A rhizobag trial using the three selected rice cultivars (Zheyou12, Qianyou 1, Chunjiangnuo 2) with different ROL at 2 and 5 mg Cd kg -1 exposures amended by three rates of RM application (0, 0.5%, 1%).