Long non-coding RNAs: allies and enemies of HIV infection

Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) are involved in various biological processes, including chromatin modification, cell differentiation, pre-mRNA splicing, translation, etc. Recent studies have revealed that lncRNAs can have a significant impact on the pathogenesis of viral infections by acting as both positive and negative regulators of viral gene expression. This review summarizes the available data on lncRNAs associated with human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1). LncRNAs can regulate both the active replication cycle and the latent phase of the HIV-1 infection, during which the integrated proviral DNA remains transcriptionally silent. Moreover, lncRNAs may serve as diagnostic markers and are potential therapeutic targets. A deeper understanding of the intricate interactions between lncRNAs and HIV-1 is essential for developing innovative treatments for the HIV infection and the associated acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS).