Chronotropic Competence Indices Extracted from Wearable Sensors for Cardiovascular Diseases Management

Figures

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  Figure 1. The cardiac chronotropic competence test (3CT) consists of a wearable device (top left), a smartphone app, and a workstation. Blood pressure meter and SpO2 meter (bottom left) are used to measure blood pressure and SpO2 before and after the test.

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  Figure 2. Curves of heart rate variation against exercise intensity during the entire 8 min walking test.

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  Figure 3. Bland–Altman plot for distance data measured by 3CT and manually measured, with the representation of bias (0.94 m) and limits of agreement (dotted line) from −1.96SD (−6.36 m) to 1.96SD (8.21 m).

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  Figure 4. Heart rate comparison along 8 min of exercise test time.

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  Figure 5. Bland–Altman plot for 99 heart rate data pairs of three subjects measured by cardiopulmonary exercise testing (CPET) and 3CT, with the representation of bias 0.40 and limits of agreement (dotted line) from −1.96SD (−2.40) to 1.96SD (3.20). Here, three subjects are empirically picked up and plotted in the figure for easy comparison.