Determine the intake threshold of maternal alcohol consumption during pregnancy associated with adverse long-term human outcomes.
Evaluated pregnancy and developmental outcomes across categorized levels of maternal absolute alcohol consumption.
Examined evidence regarding heavy weekly exposure thresholds (300 g or more of absolute alcohol) relative to lower intake levels.
Long-term adverse effects in humans are very likely at maternal alcohol consumption levels of 300 g or more of absolute alcohol per week.
Evidence below 300 g weekly remains conflicting and methodologically contested, supporting a safety guideline of no more than one standard drink daily (70–85 g absolute alcohol per week) when abstinence is not feasible.
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Implication
Observational evaluation reveals severe long-term risks at high maternal alcohol intake in pregnant women, suggesting limits below one daily drink.