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25 and 30 years after the invention of AFM and STM, respectively, cantilever-free scanning probe lithography tools such as polymer pen lithography (see picture) mark an important development in the evolution of molecular printing. These simple, robust, and inexpensive approaches allow researchers to create nanoscale and microscale features of various organic and inorganic materials on surfaces in arbitrary patterns.
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Giam et al. (2011) studied this question.
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