The reactions of 4, 4'‐bipyridine and nicotinamide with 1, 3‐propane sultone yields zwitterionic electron acceptors. Reaction of dimethylaminoethyl ferrocene with 1, 3‐propane sultone yields a zwitterionic ferrocene electron donor. The electron acceptors and donor are reduced and oxidized to the respective radical anions and ferrocenyl cation. Dipropyl‐4, 4'‐bipyridinium disulfonate and the ferrocene derivative quench the excited Ru(bipy) 3 2+ .
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Willner et al. (1983) studied this question.
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